Advances and perspectives on the therapeutic potential of molecules from other underexploited animals, such as caterpillars and ticks, are also reported. The manuscript also presents an overview of the current picture for several molecules from different animal venoms and poisons (such as those from amphibians, cone snails, hymenopterans, scorpions, sea anemones, snakes, spiders, tetraodontiformes, bats, and shrews) that have been used in clinical trials. Here we go through the pitfalls for a toxin-based potential therapeutic drug to become eligible for clinical trials and marketing. However, making these molecules applicable requires extensive preclinical trials, with some applications also demanding clinical trials, in order to validate their molecular target, mechanism of action, effective dose, potential adverse effects, as well as other fundamental parameters. This review aims to provide an in-depth view of toxin-based compounds from terrestrial and marine organisms used as diagnostic tools, experimental molecules to validate postulated therapeutic targets, drug libraries, prototypes for the design of drugs, cosmeceuticals, and therapeutic agents. 6Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista, BrazilĪnimal poisons and venoms are comprised of different classes of molecules displaying wide-ranging pharmacological activities.5Postgraduate Program in Ecosystem Ecology, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil.4Department of Pharmacy, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraná, Palmas, Brazil. ![]() 3Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Brazil.2Health and Science Institute, Paulista University, São José do Rio Pardo, Brazil.1Laboratory of Animal Toxins, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.Karla de Castro Figueiredo Bordon 1*, Camila Takeno Cologna 1, Elisa Corrêa Fornari-Baldo 2, Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Júnior 1, Felipe Augusto Cerni 1, Fernanda Gobbi Amorim 3, Fernando Antonio Pino Anjolette 4, Francielle Almeida Cordeiro 1, Gisele Adriano Wiezel 1, Iara Aimê Cardoso 1, Isabela Gobbo Ferreira 1, Isadora Sousa de Oliveira 1, Johara Boldrini-França 5, Manuela Berto Pucca 6, Mateus Amaral Baldo 2 and Eliane Candiani Arantes 1*
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